{"id":3026,"date":"2018-10-22T17:51:31","date_gmt":"2018-10-22T14:51:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/history.uroturk.org.tr\/alt-uriner-sistem-girisim-ve-operasyonlari\/"},"modified":"2018-11-12T09:33:04","modified_gmt":"2018-11-12T06:33:04","slug":"lower-urinary-system-interventions-and-operations-in-ancient-anatolia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/history.uroturk.org.tr\/en\/lower-urinary-system-interventions-and-operations-in-ancient-anatolia\/","title":{"rendered":"Lower Urinary System Interventions and Operations in Ancient Anatolia"},"content":{"rendered":"

[vc_row css=”.vc_custom_1459507906849{margin-bottom: 100px !important;}”][vc_column offset=”vc_col-lg-9 vc_col-md-9″ css=”.vc_custom_1452702342137{padding-right: 45px !important;}”][vc_custom_heading source=”post_title” use_theme_fonts=”yes” el_class=”no_stripe”][stm_post_details][vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1542003562466{margin-bottom: 20px !important;}”]<\/p>\n

Lower Urinary System Interventions and Operations in Ancient Anatolia<\/h2>\n

Introduction&Objectives<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Diseases started with the existence of the humanity and humans have persistently searched for the cure of the diseases. Urinary system diseases were certainly among the diseases for which a cure was searched and thus different urological interventions were made.\u00a0 Our aim in this study was to reveal the lower urinary system interventions done in ancient Anatolia and the ancient Anatolian doctors who made these.<\/p>\n

Materials&Methods\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><\/h3>\n

For this objective, the applications used by ancient Anatolian doctors to treat urological diseases and explained in their works translated into the languages of today were studied in internet environment and libraries and the current literature on the subject was reviewed.<\/p>\n

Results<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Although there are serious suspicions on this, the first person to invent and name bronze urinary catheter and to use it in urination difficulty was reported to be the successful surgeon\u00a0 Erasistratus (304-250 BC) of Alexandria in 3rd century BC. In Anatolia, doctors such as Aretaeus of Cappadocia (80-130 A.D.), Soranus of Ephesus (98-138 A.D.), Rufus of Ephesus (80-150 A.D.) Galen of Pergamon (129-216 A.D.), Oribasius of Pergamon (320-400 A.D.), Aetius of Amida (502-575 A.D.) used catheters for different urinary retention conditions, bladder irrigation and intravesical treatments.<\/p>\n

Figure (1a,b,c,d,e,f)
\nBladder catheterization: The most common urinary retention causes in ancient times were bladder stone and bladder paralysis. Apart from these, urinary catheters were used also for urethral stricture bph and bladder blocking tumors.
\nBladder irrigation (bladder enema): Bladder irrigation was made in conditions such as hematuria and hematoglob using a special type of catheter with a leather ball as a pump at its end.
\nIntravesical medicine treatment: Different medicines were applied using a catheter with an addition of a syringe assembly containing a pump or piston bladder paralysis, bladder infection and hematuria conditions.
\nUrethral stone extraction: Aeutius stated that the stones trapped in navicularis were extracted through pulling with ear spoons normally used to extract foreign objects in the ear.<\/p>\n

Greek surgeon Ammonius Lithotomos\u00a0 276 BC) of Alexandria was the first lithotomist (perineal lithotomy) \u00a0registered in the history of surgeries. Although he described his method with the word “lithotomus” (“lithos” meaning stone and “tomos” meaning cut), the same word was used for cutting for stone.<\/p>\n

Perineal lithotomy: Hippocrates (460-370 A.D.) from Kos island which is the land continuation of Western Anatolia included the warning: ‘I will not cut for stone, I will leave this operation to be performed by practitioners (lithotomists),’ in his medical ethics oath.\u00a0 Stating that cutting for bladder stone is fatal, Hippocrates mentioned that doctors definitely shouldn’t make stone operation and tried to protect the doctors from the bad reputation to be caused by the deaths due to this difficult operation. First detailed records of “perineal lithotomy” were kept by Cornelius Celsus (25 B.C.-50 A.D.) in ‘Celsian Method or Apparatus Parvus’ in Roman period. Galen from Pergamo who was one of the famous doctors of the Roman period in Anatolia applied the Celsian technique perineal lithotomy in bladder stones.<\/p>\n

Conclusions<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Many Anatolian doctors such as Hippocrates in Ancient Greek period and Aetius in Byzantine period diagnosed different urological diseases and made different operations for treatment in Anatolia.\u00a0 Thus Ancient Anatolian medicine gained the unique place in deserved in global urology and medicine history.<\/p>\n

Ekrem G\u00fcner<\/strong>
\nHealth Sciences University, Bakirkoy Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Department of Urology, Istanbul<\/strong>[\/vc_column_text][stm_post_bottom][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/4″ offset=”vc_hidden-sm vc_hidden-xs”][stm_sidebar sidebar=”527″][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=”stretch_row” css=”.vc_custom_1459505959648{margin-bottom: -60px !important;}” el_class=”third_bg_color”][vc_column][vc_cta h2=”Welcome to the website of the Turkish Urology Museum.” h2_font_container=”font_size:20px|color:%23ffffff|line_height:24px” h2_use_theme_fonts=”yes” shape=”square” style=”flat” add_button=”right” btn_title=”COLLECTIONS” btn_style=”flat” btn_color=”theme_style_2″ btn_align=”right” btn_i_align=”right” btn_i_icon_fontawesome=”fa fa-chevron-right” use_custom_fonts_h2=”true” btn_add_icon=”true” btn_link=”url:%2F%3Fpage_id%3D2258|” el_class=”third_bg_color” css=”.vc_custom_1542004383842{margin-bottom: 0px !important;}”][\/vc_cta][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Hastal\u0131klar insano\u011flunun varolu\u015fu ile ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, insano\u011flu da hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7aresini \u0131srarla aram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7are arananlar i\u00e7inde \u015f\u00fcphesiz \u00fcriner sistem hastal\u0131klar\u0131 da olmu\u015f, bu ama\u00e7la \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fcrolojik giri\u015fimler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3033,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[143],"tags":[151,150,149,148],"class_list":["post-3026","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-haberler-en","tag-aretaeus-aretaeus","tag-bladder-catheterization","tag-bladder-irrigation","tag-lower-urinary-tract"],"yoast_head":"\nLower Urinary System Interventions and Operations in Ancient Anatolia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The news created by the Turkish Association of Urology is concerned with the issue of Lower Urinary System Interventions and Operations in Ancient Anatolia.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/history.uroturk.org.tr\/en\/lower-urinary-system-interventions-and-operations-in-ancient-anatolia\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Lower Urinary System Interventions and Operations in Ancient Anatolia\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The news created by the Turkish Association of Urology is concerned with the issue of Lower Urinary System Interventions and Operations in Ancient Anatolia.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/history.uroturk.org.tr\/en\/lower-urinary-system-interventions-and-operations-in-ancient-anatolia\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"T\u00fcrk \u00dcroloji M\u00fczesi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2018-10-22T14:51:31+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2018-11-12T06:33:04+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/history.uroturk.org.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/lower-urinary-system-interventions-and-operations-in-ancient-anatolia.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1100\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"550\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/history.uroturk.org.tr\\\/en\\\/lower-urinary-system-interventions-and-operations-in-ancient-anatolia\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/history.uroturk.org.tr\\\/en\\\/lower-urinary-system-interventions-and-operations-in-ancient-anatolia\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"admin\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/history.uroturk.org.tr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/03e0098b68dde26076e6d800143bb2c3\"},\"headline\":\"Lower Urinary System Interventions and Operations in Ancient Anatolia\",\"datePublished\":\"2018-10-22T14:51:31+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2018-11-12T06:33:04+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/history.uroturk.org.tr\\\/en\\\/lower-urinary-system-interventions-and-operations-in-ancient-anatolia\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":768,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/history.uroturk.org.tr\\\/en\\\/lower-urinary-system-interventions-and-operations-in-ancient-anatolia\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/history.uroturk.org.tr\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2018\\\/10\\\/lower-urinary-system-interventions-and-operations-in-ancient-anatolia.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Aretaeus Aretaeus\",\"Bladder catheterization\",\"bladder irrigation\",\"lower urinary tract\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Haberler\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/history.uroturk.org.tr\\\/en\\\/lower-urinary-system-interventions-and-operations-in-ancient-anatolia\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/history.uroturk.org.tr\\\/en\\\/lower-urinary-system-interventions-and-operations-in-ancient-anatolia\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/history.uroturk.org.tr\\\/en\\\/lower-urinary-system-interventions-and-operations-in-ancient-anatolia\\\/\",\"name\":\"Lower Urinary System Interventions and Operations in Ancient Anatolia\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/history.uroturk.org.tr\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/history.uroturk.org.tr\\\/en\\\/lower-urinary-system-interventions-and-operations-in-ancient-anatolia\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/history.uroturk.org.tr\\\/en\\\/lower-urinary-system-interventions-and-operations-in-ancient-anatolia\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/history.uroturk.org.tr\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2018\\\/10\\\/lower-urinary-system-interventions-and-operations-in-ancient-anatolia.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2018-10-22T14:51:31+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2018-11-12T06:33:04+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/history.uroturk.org.tr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/03e0098b68dde26076e6d800143bb2c3\"},\"description\":\"The news created by the Turkish Association of Urology is concerned with the issue of Lower Urinary System Interventions and Operations in Ancient Anatolia.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/history.uroturk.org.tr\\\/en\\\/lower-urinary-system-interventions-and-operations-in-ancient-anatolia\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/history.uroturk.org.tr\\\/en\\\/lower-urinary-system-interventions-and-operations-in-ancient-anatolia\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/history.uroturk.org.tr\\\/en\\\/lower-urinary-system-interventions-and-operations-in-ancient-anatolia\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/history.uroturk.org.tr\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2018\\\/10\\\/lower-urinary-system-interventions-and-operations-in-ancient-anatolia.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/history.uroturk.org.tr\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2018\\\/10\\\/lower-urinary-system-interventions-and-operations-in-ancient-anatolia.jpg\",\"width\":1100,\"height\":550,\"caption\":\"Lower Urinary System Interventions and Operations in Ancient Anatolia\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/history.uroturk.org.tr\\\/en\\\/lower-urinary-system-interventions-and-operations-in-ancient-anatolia\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Ana sayfa\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/history.uroturk.org.tr\\\/en\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Lower Urinary System Interventions and Operations in Ancient Anatolia\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/history.uroturk.org.tr\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/history.uroturk.org.tr\\\/\",\"name\":\"T\u00fcrk \u00dcroloji M\u00fczesi\",\"description\":\"T\u00fcrk \u00dcroloji Derne\u011fi Tarih Ofisi\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/history.uroturk.org.tr\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/history.uroturk.org.tr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/03e0098b68dde26076e6d800143bb2c3\",\"name\":\"admin\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/c3b2a446b065e65d628811047de530b8a10afc2d8fff9bfcfb5f5c7ea60bdc57?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/c3b2a446b065e65d628811047de530b8a10afc2d8fff9bfcfb5f5c7ea60bdc57?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/c3b2a446b065e65d628811047de530b8a10afc2d8fff9bfcfb5f5c7ea60bdc57?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"admin\"},\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/history.uroturk.org.tr\\\/en\\\/author\\\/admin\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Lower Urinary System Interventions and Operations in Ancient Anatolia","description":"The news created by the Turkish Association of Urology is concerned with the issue of Lower Urinary System Interventions and Operations in Ancient Anatolia.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/history.uroturk.org.tr\/en\/lower-urinary-system-interventions-and-operations-in-ancient-anatolia\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Lower Urinary System Interventions and Operations in Ancient Anatolia","og_description":"The news created by the Turkish Association of Urology is concerned with the issue of Lower Urinary System Interventions and Operations in Ancient Anatolia.","og_url":"https:\/\/history.uroturk.org.tr\/en\/lower-urinary-system-interventions-and-operations-in-ancient-anatolia\/","og_site_name":"T\u00fcrk \u00dcroloji M\u00fczesi","article_published_time":"2018-10-22T14:51:31+00:00","article_modified_time":"2018-11-12T06:33:04+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1100,"height":550,"url":"https:\/\/history.uroturk.org.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/lower-urinary-system-interventions-and-operations-in-ancient-anatolia.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"admin","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"admin","Est. reading time":"4 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/history.uroturk.org.tr\/en\/lower-urinary-system-interventions-and-operations-in-ancient-anatolia\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/history.uroturk.org.tr\/en\/lower-urinary-system-interventions-and-operations-in-ancient-anatolia\/"},"author":{"name":"admin","@id":"https:\/\/history.uroturk.org.tr\/#\/schema\/person\/03e0098b68dde26076e6d800143bb2c3"},"headline":"Lower Urinary System Interventions and Operations in Ancient Anatolia","datePublished":"2018-10-22T14:51:31+00:00","dateModified":"2018-11-12T06:33:04+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/history.uroturk.org.tr\/en\/lower-urinary-system-interventions-and-operations-in-ancient-anatolia\/"},"wordCount":768,"commentCount":0,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/history.uroturk.org.tr\/en\/lower-urinary-system-interventions-and-operations-in-ancient-anatolia\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/history.uroturk.org.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/lower-urinary-system-interventions-and-operations-in-ancient-anatolia.jpg","keywords":["Aretaeus Aretaeus","Bladder catheterization","bladder irrigation","lower urinary tract"],"articleSection":["Haberler"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/history.uroturk.org.tr\/en\/lower-urinary-system-interventions-and-operations-in-ancient-anatolia\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/history.uroturk.org.tr\/en\/lower-urinary-system-interventions-and-operations-in-ancient-anatolia\/","url":"https:\/\/history.uroturk.org.tr\/en\/lower-urinary-system-interventions-and-operations-in-ancient-anatolia\/","name":"Lower Urinary System Interventions and Operations in Ancient Anatolia","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/history.uroturk.org.tr\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/history.uroturk.org.tr\/en\/lower-urinary-system-interventions-and-operations-in-ancient-anatolia\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/history.uroturk.org.tr\/en\/lower-urinary-system-interventions-and-operations-in-ancient-anatolia\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/history.uroturk.org.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/lower-urinary-system-interventions-and-operations-in-ancient-anatolia.jpg","datePublished":"2018-10-22T14:51:31+00:00","dateModified":"2018-11-12T06:33:04+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/history.uroturk.org.tr\/#\/schema\/person\/03e0098b68dde26076e6d800143bb2c3"},"description":"The news created by the Turkish Association of Urology is concerned with the issue of Lower Urinary System Interventions and Operations in Ancient Anatolia.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/history.uroturk.org.tr\/en\/lower-urinary-system-interventions-and-operations-in-ancient-anatolia\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/history.uroturk.org.tr\/en\/lower-urinary-system-interventions-and-operations-in-ancient-anatolia\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/history.uroturk.org.tr\/en\/lower-urinary-system-interventions-and-operations-in-ancient-anatolia\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/history.uroturk.org.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/lower-urinary-system-interventions-and-operations-in-ancient-anatolia.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/history.uroturk.org.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/lower-urinary-system-interventions-and-operations-in-ancient-anatolia.jpg","width":1100,"height":550,"caption":"Lower Urinary System Interventions and Operations in Ancient Anatolia"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/history.uroturk.org.tr\/en\/lower-urinary-system-interventions-and-operations-in-ancient-anatolia\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Ana sayfa","item":"https:\/\/history.uroturk.org.tr\/en\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Lower Urinary System Interventions and Operations in Ancient Anatolia"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/history.uroturk.org.tr\/#website","url":"https:\/\/history.uroturk.org.tr\/","name":"T\u00fcrk \u00dcroloji M\u00fczesi","description":"T\u00fcrk \u00dcroloji Derne\u011fi Tarih Ofisi","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/history.uroturk.org.tr\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/history.uroturk.org.tr\/#\/schema\/person\/03e0098b68dde26076e6d800143bb2c3","name":"admin","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c3b2a446b065e65d628811047de530b8a10afc2d8fff9bfcfb5f5c7ea60bdc57?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c3b2a446b065e65d628811047de530b8a10afc2d8fff9bfcfb5f5c7ea60bdc57?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c3b2a446b065e65d628811047de530b8a10afc2d8fff9bfcfb5f5c7ea60bdc57?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"admin"},"url":"https:\/\/history.uroturk.org.tr\/en\/author\/admin\/"}]}},"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/history.uroturk.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3026","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/history.uroturk.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/history.uroturk.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/history.uroturk.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/history.uroturk.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3026"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/history.uroturk.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3026\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/history.uroturk.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3033"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/history.uroturk.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3026"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/history.uroturk.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3026"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/history.uroturk.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3026"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}