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		<title>Lower Urinary System Interventions and Operations in Ancient Anatolia</title>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[admin]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 22 Oct 2018 14:51:31 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Haberler]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Aretaeus Aretaeus]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Bladder catheterization]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[bladder irrigation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[lower urinary tract]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[<p>Hastalıklar insanoğlunun varoluşu ile başlamış, insanoğlu da hastalıklarının çaresini ısrarla aramıştır. Çare arananlar içinde şüphesiz üriner sistem hastalıkları da olmuş, bu amaçla çeşitli ürolojik girişimler yapılmıştır.</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://history.uroturk.org.tr/en/lower-urinary-system-interventions-and-operations-in-ancient-anatolia/">Lower Urinary System Interventions and Operations in Ancient Anatolia</a> appeared first on <a href="https://history.uroturk.org.tr/en/">Türk Üroloji Müzesi</a>.</p>
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			<h2>Lower Urinary System Interventions and Operations in Ancient Anatolia</h2>
<h3><strong>Introduction&amp;Objectives</strong></h3>
<p>Diseases started with the existence of the humanity and humans have persistently searched for the cure of the diseases. Urinary system diseases were certainly among the diseases for which a cure was searched and thus different urological interventions were made.  Our aim in this study was to reveal the lower urinary system interventions done in ancient Anatolia and the ancient Anatolian doctors who made these.</p>
<h3><strong>Materials&amp;Methods                               </strong></h3>
<p>For this objective, the applications used by ancient Anatolian doctors to treat urological diseases and explained in their works translated into the languages of today were studied in internet environment and libraries and the current literature on the subject was reviewed.</p>
<h3><strong>Results</strong></h3>
<p>Although there are serious suspicions on this, the first person to invent and name bronze urinary catheter and to use it in urination difficulty was reported to be the successful surgeon  Erasistratus (304-250 BC) of Alexandria in 3rd century BC. In Anatolia, doctors such as Aretaeus of Cappadocia (80-130 A.D.), Soranus of Ephesus (98-138 A.D.), Rufus of Ephesus (80-150 A.D.) Galen of Pergamon (129-216 A.D.), Oribasius of Pergamon (320-400 A.D.), Aetius of Amida (502-575 A.D.) used catheters for different urinary retention conditions, bladder irrigation and intravesical treatments.</p>
<p>Figure (1a,b,c,d,e,f)<br />
Bladder catheterization: The most common urinary retention causes in ancient times were bladder stone and bladder paralysis. Apart from these, urinary catheters were used also for urethral stricture bph and bladder blocking tumors.<br />
Bladder irrigation (bladder enema): Bladder irrigation was made in conditions such as hematuria and hematoglob using a special type of catheter with a leather ball as a pump at its end.<br />
Intravesical medicine treatment: Different medicines were applied using a catheter with an addition of a syringe assembly containing a pump or piston bladder paralysis, bladder infection and hematuria conditions.<br />
Urethral stone extraction: Aeutius stated that the stones trapped in navicularis were extracted through pulling with ear spoons normally used to extract foreign objects in the ear.</p>
<p>Greek surgeon Ammonius Lithotomos  276 BC) of Alexandria was the first lithotomist (perineal lithotomy)  registered in the history of surgeries. Although he described his method with the word &#8220;lithotomus&#8221; (&#8220;lithos&#8221; meaning stone and &#8220;tomos&#8221; meaning cut), the same word was used for cutting for stone.</p>
<p>Perineal lithotomy: Hippocrates (460-370 A.D.) from Kos island which is the land continuation of Western Anatolia included the warning: &#8216;I will not cut for stone, I will leave this operation to be performed by practitioners (lithotomists),&#8217; in his medical ethics oath.  Stating that cutting for bladder stone is fatal, Hippocrates mentioned that doctors definitely shouldn&#8217;t make stone operation and tried to protect the doctors from the bad reputation to be caused by the deaths due to this difficult operation. First detailed records of &#8220;perineal lithotomy&#8221; were kept by Cornelius Celsus (25 B.C.-50 A.D.) in &#8216;Celsian Method or Apparatus Parvus&#8217; in Roman period. Galen from Pergamo who was one of the famous doctors of the Roman period in Anatolia applied the Celsian technique perineal lithotomy in bladder stones.</p>
<h4><strong>Conclusions</strong></h4>
<p>Many Anatolian doctors such as Hippocrates in Ancient Greek period and Aetius in Byzantine period diagnosed different urological diseases and made different operations for treatment in Anatolia.  Thus Ancient Anatolian medicine gained the unique place in deserved in global urology and medicine history.</p>
<p><strong>Ekrem Güner</strong><br />
<strong>Health Sciences University, Bakirkoy Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Department of Urology, Istanbul</strong></p>

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</div><p>The post <a href="https://history.uroturk.org.tr/en/lower-urinary-system-interventions-and-operations-in-ancient-anatolia/">Lower Urinary System Interventions and Operations in Ancient Anatolia</a> appeared first on <a href="https://history.uroturk.org.tr/en/">Türk Üroloji Müzesi</a>.</p>
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		<title>Doctor and Anatomist Semseddin Itaki</title>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 22 Oct 2018 14:47:23 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[<p>Hipokratik temelde laik ve bilimsel tıpla uğraşmış sayısız kahraman, tıbbın gelişimine çok önemli katkılar sağlamış ve zamanlarına ışık tutmuştur. Ayni şekilde insan anatomisine ait bilgilerin günümüzdeki seviyesine ulaşmasında önemli katkılar sağlayan kahramanlardan biri de 17. yüzyıl Osmanlı hekimlerinden Şemseddin İtaki (1572-1632) olmuştur. Bu yazıda Şemseddin İtaki’nin Teşrih-ül Ebdan ve Tercümânı Kıbale-i Feylesûfan” adlı anotomi kitabında erkek ürogenital sistem anatomi ve fizyolojisine ait olan temel anlatım ve çizimleri sunulmuştur.</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://history.uroturk.org.tr/en/doctor-and-anatomist-semseddin-itaki/">Doctor and Anatomist Semseddin Itaki</a> appeared first on <a href="https://history.uroturk.org.tr/en/">Türk Üroloji Müzesi</a>.</p>
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			<p>Resim 1a,b: Şemseddîn-i İtâkî’nin kitabında üriner sistem ile ilgili çizimler (Süleymaniye Yazma Eserler Kütüphanesi, Hüsrev Paşa 464 no’lu nüsha)</p>
<p>Hipokratik temelde laik ve bilimsel tıpla uğraşmış sayısız kahraman, tıbbın gelişimine çok önemli katkılar sağlamış ve zamanlarına ışık tutmuştur. Ayni şekilde insan anatomisine ait bilgilerin günümüzdeki seviyesine ulaşmasında önemli katkılar sağlayan kahramanlardan biri de 17. yüzyıl Osmanlı hekimlerinden Şemseddin İtaki (1572-1632) olmuştur. Bu yazıda Şemseddin İtaki’nin Teşrih-ül Ebdan ve Tercümânı Kıbale-i Feylesûfan” adlı anotomi kitabında erkek ürogenital sistem anatomi ve fizyolojisine ait olan temel anlatım ve çizimleri sunulmuştur.</p>
<p>Şemseddin İtaki’nin Teşrih-ül Ebdan ve Tercümânı Kıbale-i Feylesûfan” adlı eserinin İstanbul&#8217;un çeşitli kütüphanelerinde altı, Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Tıp Tarihi Enstitüsü Kütüphanesinde de iki nüshası mevcuttur. Bu nüshalardan dört tanesi resimli olup yazı karakterine göre üç tanesi 17. yüzyıla tarihlenirken diğerleri sonraki yüzyıl baskılarıdır.</p>
<p>Osmanlılarda Avrupa etkisi 17. yüzyılın ilk yarısından itibaren görülmeğe başlanır. İtaki’nin bir Osmanlı anatomi kitabı olan eserinde kullandığı dil ve resimler, anatomi bilgisi ve terminolojisi onun da Batı’dan etkilendiğini göstermektedir. İtaki’nin çizdiği resimlerden bir kısmının Mansur b. Muhammed b. Ahmed‘in 14. yüzyılda yazdığı Kitab-ı Teşrihü’l-Ebdan Mine’t-Tıb adlı eserindeki resimlere, bir kısmının da Avrupalı Andreas Vesalius&#8217;un (1514-1564) De Humani Corporis Fabrica isimli eserindeki resimlere benzediği görülmektedir.</p>
<p>İtâkî’nin anatomi kitabında böbrekleri içeren 7 adet anatomik çizim mevcuttur. İtaki, böbreği “Kilye” ismi ile sağda ve solda birer tane olarak belirtmiştir. Benzer anatomik çizimler yapan doktor ve anatomist Andreas Vesalius gibi sol böbreği sağdakine göre daha aşağıda resmetmiştir. Bu yanlış bilgi doktor Bartolomeo Eustachi (1510-1574) tarafından düzeltilmişse de İtaki ve Vesalius’un bu düzeltmeden haberi olmadığı veya ona katılmadıkları görülmektedir. İtaki, böbrek, üreterler ve mesaneyi birlikte gösteren çizimleri dışında böbreğin dış zarlarını ve kaliksler gibi iç yapılarını gösteren çizimler de yapmıştır. Böbrekleri fasulye şeklinde çizmiş, etrafa bağlarla bağlandığını ifade etmiştir. Böbreklere “tâlieyn” dediği iki büyük damarın geldiğini ve bunların böbreklerden çıkınca birleştiğini (renal venler) ifade etmiştir. İtaki, kanlı suyu böbreğe götüren ve süzülmesini sağlayan damarları da arter olarak tanımlamıştır. Süzülen suyun “berâyiç” denen kanallarla (üreterler) mesaneye ulaştığını belirtmiştir.</p>
<p>İtaki erkek genital sistem içinde penisin kasları, kanalları ve ereksiyon mekanizması hakkında bilgiler vermiştir. Ereksiyonun kökenini kalpten, duyararlılık olarak kökenini omurilikten aldığını ifade etmiştir. İtaki ve İbn-i Sina iki ischiocavernosusu tartif etmişken Vesalius ek olarak iki bulbocavernosusdan da bahsetmiştir. İtaki ayrıca testislerden prostatın üstüne doğru seyreden iki kanalı (duktus deferensler) çizimlerinde belirtmiştir. Resimlerde ürogenital organlar hep birlikte ve vücut içinde resmedilmiştir. (Resim1a,b)</p>
<p>Yüzlerce yıl önce yaşamış olan tıp bilginleri eserleri ile günümüz modern tıbbın gelişimine önemli katkılar sağlamıştır. Şemseddîn-i İtâkî’nin 17. yüzyılda yazdığı ilk resimli Türkçe anatomi kitabı Teşrihü’l-Ebdan ve Tercümânı Kıbale-i Feylesûfan da özellikle Türk anatomi biliminin gelişimine önemli katkılar sağlamıştır. Burada yaptığı ayrıntılı ürogenital anatomi çizimleri günümüz modern çizimlerin temel kaynaklarından birini oluşturmuştur.</p>
<p><strong>Ekrem Güner</strong><br />
<strong>Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi, Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, Üroloji Kliniği, İstanbul</strong></p>

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		<title>In its new name Informed Consent Form, Consent Contract with the Old Name</title>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[admin]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 22 Oct 2018 14:39:52 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Haberler]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[consent]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[consent form]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[groin stone]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[informed consent]]></category>
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			<p>Taking form in 19th century in the west and starting with the words &#8220;informed consent&#8221;, informed consent and consent forms are recently routinely used in our country for pre-operative patient informing on the future operation and any future problems and for taking their consent. In this article, two urological &#8220;Consent Forms&#8221; between doctor and patient from the Ottoman Empire Period, resembling the patient consent forms of today, are presented.</p>
<h2>Material and Method</h2>
<p>Urological operations made under &#8220;consent form&#8221; agreement in Ottoman Empire Period were researched in internet environment, libraries, medical museums and Ottoman archieves and consent form contents were examined. Book and articles on the subject were examined.</p>
<h3>Findings</h3>
<p>&#8220;Informed consent&#8221; forms started to be used in the West in 19th century are separately organized today for every medical branch, intervention and treatment as &#8220;informed patient consent&#8221; forms. Based on Turkish medical history, &#8220;consent form&#8221; was signed between the doctor and patient also in Ottoman Empire.</p>
<p>Although craftsman of medical doctors was regarded in tradesman class in Ottoman Period, they didn&#8217;t have social security, professional insurance or privilege like other tradesmen. Patients could complain to the judge about doctor’s treatment and interventions. Thus patients were asked to sign &#8220;consent form&#8221; before the treatment to prevent any legal actions and appear before the Muslim judge. Treatment began after patient signed this form stating to assent to any future complaints after treatment/intervention and admit any future problems for applications. Thus the doctor would be exempt from many problems.</p>
<p>One of the mentioned consent forms was registered in the judgment book of Bursa judge in 1575. Hasan bin Hüseyin from Bursa came to the court and let surgeon Hüseyin bin Mehmed make a surgical intervention on his young son suffering from inguinal stone/hardness and confirmed before the witnesses not to proceed against the doctor if his son died during intervention. Although the disease wasn’t exactly mentioned, inguinal hardness resembled urological pathologies such as inguinal cord cyst or undescended testicle torsion other than inguinal lymphadenomegaly or inguinal hernia.</p>
<p>The other consent form was signed in 1656 and is exhibited in Celal Bayar University (CBU) Medical History Museum. Signed in 17th century, this was on bladder stone passing and treatment and possibly provided the doctor to intervene the patient more comfortably. (Figure 1b)</p>
<h3>Results</h3>
<p>With &#8220;informed consent forms&#8221;, doctors secure themselves against future damages to be caused by their actions and apply their treatments more comfortably. A similar of this method was applied in Ottoman Medical practice. Before the Muslim judge and witnesses, consent was taken with the &#8220;Consent form&#8221; signed by patient&#8217;s inheritors stating that the patient accepted the intervention and inheritors won&#8217;t sue the surgeon. Registries of the legal cases opened despite consent forms are present in the judicial registries of the time and the condition was quite similar to today.</p>
<p><strong><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-medium wp-image-3049 aligncenter" src="https://history.uroturk.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Inguinal-stone-hardness-300x94.jpg" alt="Inguinal stone hardness" width="300" height="94" srcset="https://history.uroturk.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Inguinal-stone-hardness-300x94.jpg 300w, https://history.uroturk.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Inguinal-stone-hardness.jpg 666w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></strong></p>
<p><strong>Figure 1a:</strong> Inguinal stone/hardness (undescended testicle torsion?) operation consent form, Ottoman Archieve, Bursa</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-medium wp-image-3051 aligncenter" src="https://history.uroturk.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Bladder-stone-treatment-300x225.jpg" alt="Bladder stone treatment" width="300" height="225" srcset="https://history.uroturk.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Bladder-stone-treatment-300x225.jpg 300w, https://history.uroturk.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Bladder-stone-treatment.jpg 605w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></strong></p>
<p><strong>Figure 1b:</strong> Bladder stone treatment consent form, CBU Medical History Museum, Manisa</p>
<p><strong>Ekrem Güner</strong><br />
<strong>Health Sciences University, Bakirkoy Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Department of Urology, Istanbul</strong></p>

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		<pubDate>Fri, 22 Jan 2016 05:43:23 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Haberler]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Abundance]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ancient Greek]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Priapism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Priapos]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[<p>Yunan mitolojisinde bereket tanrısı olan Priapos, yerel bir Anadolu tanrısı olup özellikle de doğduğu yer olan Lapseki (Lampsakos, Çanakkale) şehrinin gurur kaynağı olmuştur.</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://history.uroturk.org.tr/en/anatolian-god-priapus-and-priapism/">Anatolian God Priapus and Priapism</a> appeared first on <a href="https://history.uroturk.org.tr/en/">Türk Üroloji Müzesi</a>.</p>
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			<p>Yunan mitolojisinde bereket tanrısı olan Priapos, yerel bir Anadolu tanrısı olup özellikle de doğduğu yer olan Lapseki (Lampsakos, Çanakkale) şehrinin gurur kaynağı olmuştur.</p>
<p>Priapus figürlerinde küçük ve çirkin bir adam olarak ifade edilirken, penisi kendi kadar uzun olarak betimlenmiştir. (Şekiller 1a, b) Büyük penisi ile dikkat çeken Tanrı Priapus, erkeklik, cinsellik, güç, üreme ve doğurganlığın tanrısı olarak kabul edilmiştir. Priapus kültü, antik Yunan ve Roma döneminde, insanların tanrıdan cinsel ve fiziksel güç, iktidar, maddi bolluk ve bereket beklentileri ile yayılmıştır. Roma döneminde insanlar boyunlarına tanrı Priapos’un erkeklik organını ifade eden minyatür fallus (fascinum) objelerini kötü şansa, kötülüğe ve kötü gözlere karşı koruyucu tılsım olarak takmışlardır.</p>
<p>(Şekil 1c) Priapizm tarihte ilk olarak MÖ 1550&#8217;lerde Antik Mısır&#8217;da yazılmış Ebers papirüsünde belirtilmiştir. Antik Yunan döneminde ise Priapizm&#8217;in ilk tarifi yaklaşık M.Ö.300&#8217;lerde Apamealı Demetrius tarafından yapılmıştır. Çok tanrılı Yunan mitolojisinde Priapos&#8217;un dışında Dionysus, Pan ve Hermes büyük penisleriyle dikkat çeken tanrılar olmuştur. Başka rakipleri olmasına rağmen, Priapizm hastalığındaki penisin tanrı Priapus&#8217;un penisi ile ilişkilendirilmesi ve Priapizmin ismini Priapus&#8217;tan alması merak uyandırmıştır. Bunun başlıca nedeni, Priapus kültünün anlatımında ve görsel sunumunda priapizmde olduğu gibi her zaman büyük, erekte ve dik bir penisin kullanılmış olmasıdır. Priapizm hastalığında sürekli erekte haldeki penis ile Priapos&#8217;un penisinin görsel benzerliği de bu seçimde önemli rol oynamıştır. (Şekil 1d)</p>
<p>Erkek cinsel organına tapınma ve ibadet olarak tanımlanan fallik kült (Phallic cult veya Phallic worship), Antik Yunan ve Roma&#8217;da kendini Priapos kültü içinde göstermiş, tanrının en önemli özelliği olan “fallus”u, erkeklik, güç, iktidar, bereket ve yaşamın tek kaynağı olarak görülmüştür. Tanrı&#8217;nın penisinin Priapizmde olduğu gibi sürekli olarak dik durması, onu Priapizmin de isim babası yapmıştır.</p>
<p>1a Tanrı Priapos Figurü, Efes Arkeoloji Müzesi, Türkiye (M.S. 2. yüzyıl)<br />
1b Tanrı Priapos Resmedilmiş Bronz Para, Nicopolis Antik Şehri, Bulgaristan (M.S. 193-211)<br />
1c Roma Dönemi Bronz Fallik Amuletler (M.S. 1.-2. yüzyıl)<br />
1d Tanrı Priapos Freski, Napoli Ulusal Arkeoloji Müzesi, İtalya (M.S. 1. yüzyıl)</p>
<p><strong>Ekrem Güner</strong><br />
<strong>Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi, Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, Üroloji Kliniği, İstanbul</strong></p>

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